Over the past quarter century, the great wave of financial liberalization, together with advances in information-processing-technology and finance theory, created severe competitive pressures on both the asset and liability sides of bank balance sheets and, on the positive side, allowed banks to...

We model the expected support of banks with credit ratings from Moody's and Fitch, taking explicitly into account the capacity and willingness of governments to provide support in case of need, as well as their concerns about moral hazard (i.e., that the expected support may induce banks to...

Effective environmental policy should consider how the financiers of polluting firms behave. In our theoretical model describing the periods before and after policy implementation, loan spreads for firms participating in cap-and-trade programs are a function of the costs of compliance, the...