benefit compared to that of childless women. The labor force participation rate of mothers showed a drop of 2-3 percentage …

-birth employment, respectivly. This is compared with wage profiles from females who are not mothers. As statistical analysis tool …

one nonparental care option and both mothers and fathers contributing to the production of nonparental care. Even though … respond more strongly to changes in wages. The average wage elasticity for mothers is in the range 0.25–0.30. …

We estimate the marginal treatment effect of childcare use on mothers' labor market outcomes by using a staggered … negatively associated with the propensity to use childcare, which implies that mothers who increase their labor supply the least … when subjected to the treatment are those mothers with the highest underlying tendency to use childcare. Because the …

We estimate the marginal treatment effect of childcare use on mothers' labor market outcomes by exploiting a staggered … propensity to use childcare, which implies that mothers who increase their labor supply more are less likely to use childcare …. Negative selection into treatment arises, because the childcare rationing rule gives preferential treatment to mothers working …