In what follows we outline briefly the Credit Support Annex and how it impacts securities pricing. We then proceed to discuss synthetic forward rate calculation and the FX forward invariance relationship from which we show how to calculate CSA collateral adjusted discount factors using GBP...

An option is a financial instrument that allows the holder to buy or sell an underlying security in the future at an agreed strike or price set today. European options are often priced under the assumption of constant interest rates as seen in the Black-Scholes (1973) model.In interest rate...

In what follows we quote the Hull-White 1 factor and Ho-Lee model dynamics and their corresponding Eurodollar convexity adjustment formulas. We then show that, in the special case where the Hull-White mean reversion parameter is zero, the adjustment under the Hull-White and Ho-Lee models is...

Asset swaps provide a form of asset financing, where investors borrow funds to purchase an asset, typically a bond. Asset swaps are also a good bond rich-cheap analysis tool. Such swaps can of course be used for speculative purposes. In this paper we provide a brief overview of asset swaps and...

In this paper we outline the Lagrangian constrained optimization method to solve complex problems subject to constraints. Firstly we summarize the Lagrangian constrained optimization routine. Secondly we outline a detailed implementation strategy. Thirdly and finally we provide example and solve...

Yield curves are used to imply the forward rates and discount factors from market tradable instruments and are required to discount future cash flows and evaluate the price of all financial contracts. Not all instruments can be included in the yield curve calibration or fitting process, hence we...

In this paper we illustrate and explain the relationship between interest rates (or forward rates) and discount factors. We present the forward-discount factor relationship, which is popular and widely used in financial markets for yield curve construction, and derive the exact formulae using a...

Arbitrage trading strategies are a class of trading strategies that involve buying and selling financial instruments to take advantage of price discrepancies. The goal of arbitrage trading is to make a profit from the differences in prices between securities or markets, without taking on...