The patent system is a central tool in innovation policy. The prospect of monopolistic pricing conferred by patent … markups for patent-protected products. Using an original dataset that links a broad range of consumer products to the patents … that protect them, we study the impact of patent protection on product prices. The empirical strategy exploits exogenous …

protection. However, trade secrecy protection leaves a prior user vulnerable because a later inventor may patent the innovation …The America Invents Act (“AIA”) gave modern patent law in the United States a general prior user rights defense. The … patent right is enforced via infringement litigation, but enterprises sometimes obtain patents for defensive purposes …

This paper looks into the relation between trade marks and innovation. It distinguishes trade marks from other IP … rights and explains why and in which respects trade marks foster innovation …

discrimination is possible. -- Health systems ; Pharmaceuticals ; Innovation ; Income Based Subsidies ; price discrimination …

market access to poorer groups. -- Pharmaceuticals ; Income Based Subsidies ; Parallel Imports ; Market Access …