For a number of applications of signaling, it is sometimes more reasonable to assume that senders rather than nature choose their unobserved features (e.g. their private choices of quality). In other situations, it makes no sense for nature to determine senders' unobserved features (e.g. their...

We study a vertically differentiated duopoly with quadratic production costs where firms are uncertain about consumer taste distribution. We find two key results. First, when the quality difference is relatively greater (smaller) than the difference in the two firms' costs, uncertainty increases...