Purpose: Study the impact of the heterogeneity of institutional investors, evident in their investment horizon, on firm credit ratings.Methodology/Approach: Use a large sample of U.S. firms over the period 1985 to 2006 (20,670 U.S. firm-year observations) to empirically investigate the...

We use multilevel analysis to examine the effect of different types of external funding (donations vs. subsidies) on microfinance institutions' borrower repayment rates. Using information on 947 MFIs over a 10-year period we find that private funding is positively related to MFIs' abilities to...

Purpose: This study explores the effective regulation of institutional investor's encroachment behavior in stock market. Given the theoretical and practical importance, the present study examines the effect of the self-adaptive regulation strategy (adjusting the regulation factors such as...