Economic theory suggests that the deterrence of deviant behavior is driven by a combination of severity and certainty … of punishment. This paper presents the first controlled experiment to study a third important factor that has been mainly … will be punished is dissolved and the timing at which the punishment is actually imposed, as well as the combination …

sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of …

actions seems most important. key-words: Informal Sanction, Social Norm, Social Capital, Strategic Sanction, Fairness …

vehicle withdrawal are extensively used, even though it would be possible to apply a monetary sanction of equivalent value. In …

theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators' punishment is almost exclusively targeted … towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. However …, spiteful punishment vanishes if the punishers can no longer affect the payoff differences between themselves and the punished …