The countervailing power of large buyers subdues the market power of sellers, but price concessions won by large buyers in upstream markets may or may not translate into lower prices downstream. This paper presents a model in which upstream price concessions leads to lower downstream prices. In...

The paper addressed a situation of how a retail chain consisting of suppliers, agents, and distributors transformed while the costs of transactions increased. When the costs increased, the orders and deliveries between relevant interest groups resulted in the formation of the most costs’...