This article evaluates the scope of protection provided under the provisions of investment treaties, in particular the rights of bondholders resulting from agreements concluded with organizational units or entities for which the State bears responsibility under international law. The article...

This contribution focuses on three aspects of interpretation of investment treaties in which the time element plays an important role. First, it deals with the possibility that a term used in a treaty is capable of evolving over time and its role in investment law. Second, it deals with...

We argue that the trend toward international investment agreements (IIAs) with stricter investment rules is driven by competitive diffusion, namely defensive moves of developing countries concerned about foreign direct investment (FDI) diversion in favor of competing host countries. Accounting...

We argue that the trend toward international investment agreements (IIAs) with stricter investment rules is driven by competitive diffusion, namely defensive moves of developing countries concerned about foreign direct investment (FDI) diversion in favor of competing host countries. Accounting...

An endless literature exhorts us to ask whether international arbitrators have some sort of a duty or obligation to enforce rules of mandatory law. Such an abstract inquiry - untethered from the positive law implications of arbitral failure, or the pragmatic constraints that push individual...

The problem of compliance with treaty obligations has been an area of active study in international environmental law because of its importance to the effectiveness of environmental treaties. This paper examines the problem of enforcement as an important and distinct component of compliance....

The paper assesses the Singapore issues on economic welfare grounds. It finds that most arguments in favour of a Multilateral Investment Framework (MIF) are not compelling. Further international accords are largely unsubstantiated on economic grounds, with the important exception of the...