national incentives for patent protection? What is the rationale for international coordination over patent policies? Given …

An innovative firm chooses strategically whether to patent its process innovation or rely on secrecy. By doing so, the … an innovative firm with unknown costs and probabilistic patent validity. Increasing the number of firms (degree of … a smaller (greater) patenting incentive if patent protection is weak (strong). -- Bertrand and Cournot competition …

challenger invests more into R&D in order to enter a new market than the incumbent. Thus, the patent racing model by Reinganum …

rates and reduce output as compared to non-integration. Horizontal integration of IP holders (or a patent pool) solves the …

inventions are larger if more developers are financially constrained and it is optimal to reduce patent protection in this case …. If the inventor is financially constrained, it is, however, optimal to grant stronger patent protection as inventions …