electoral violence on children’s health. This paper shows that electoral violence of low scale yet recursive nature has a … of electoral violence across time and space in Kenya during 19922013. We find that infants and adolescents exposed to … electoral violence are shorter as adults if compared to similar people not exposed to violence during their growing age. We also …

data for the war on drugs in Colombia, and against consumption in the U.S., to calibrate the unobservable parameters of the … ; Plan Colombia …

data for the war on drugs in Colombia, and against consumption in the U.S., to calibrate the unobservable parameters of the …

in Colombia, and that against consumption in the U.S. in order to calibrate the unobservable parameters of the model …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

violence in turn increases the income of the protection providers. The result is a violence multiplier. Combining elements from … example, a decrease in the cost of violence increases violence more than pari passu and increases the value of being a … criminal. The violence multiplier also generates an incentive for the protection providers to welcome new partners into the …