The probabilities associated with a tax return being audited or containing underreported tax are formulated here in a different way. This new formulation is mathematically equivalent to the traditional formulation; however, it reveals a trigonometric relationship between these probabilities that...

The classic deterrence theory model of income tax evasion first articulated in 1972 has met significant criticism because it does not comport with the observed rate of tax compliance. This article argues that the classic expected utility model and its various progeny, including nonexpected...

Describes the behavior of financial markets as functions of the variables 'price return' and 'time' based on the net difference between ask and bid volumes over a unit period, thereby suggesting that at least a negative non-trivial price return extreme exists for a unit period. This admittedly...