The patent system gives the courts discretion to tailor patentability standards flexibly across technologies to provide … practical, non-research-based use at the time patent protection is sought. The fear is that an early-stage patent on a research … innovation. Yet, denying patents on research inputs can frustrate patent law’s broad goal to protect and promote advances in …

postdoctoral scholars contribute equally to patent activity or whether there is a differential effect depending upon visa status …. We find patent counts relate positively and significantly to the number of faculty, number of PhD students and number of …

quality) than their European counterparts after patent rights for software inventions were introduced. We then introduce a …