The international competitiveness of German industry, so greatly dependent on exports, is in large measure determined both by fluctuations in the rate of exchange and by the level of its labour costs in relation to those of its competitors in the world market. Recent trends in these two factors...

The “price markup” hypothesis says that prices are marked up over productivity-adjusted wages, implying that prices and wages must be correlated in the long run and that short-run movements in wages help predict short-run movements in prices. The empirical evidence reported here indicates...

Productivity developments have been rather divergent across EU countries and particularly between Central Eastern Europe (CEE) and elsewhere in the continent (non-CEE). How is such phenomenon related to wage bargaining institutions? Starting from the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) shock, we...