Most election fraud is not conducted centrally by incumbents but rather locally by a machinery consisting of a … multitude of political operatives. How does an incumbent ensure that his agents deliver fraud when needed and as much as is … needed? We address this and related puzzles in the political organization of election fraud by studying the perverse …

crime that are related to economic determinants: property crimes (including robbery, theft and car theft), fraud and usury … tax evasion positively affects economic crimes. Notably, the elasticity of tax evasion to fraud is related to the size of … adjustment costs. Finally, we find that property crimes, fraud and usury are not influenced by deterrence or clearing …