Estimation of flushing time (T <Subscript>F</Subscript>) in an estuary is important for water quality analysis, and it is one of the major transport time scales used in estuaries to quantify the hydrodynamic processes and for water resources management strategies. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to...</subscript>

Wind waves and elevated water levels together can cause flooding in low-lying coastal areas, where the water level may be a combination of mean sea level, tides and surges generated by storm events. In areas with a wide continental shelf a travelling external surge may combine with the locally...