We combine two approaches to the pricing kernel, one empirical and one theoretical, which relax the restriction that the objective return distribution and risk neutral distribution share the same volatility and higher order moments. The empirical approach provides estimates for the evolution of...

Due to the lack of descriptive information about the effectiveness of risk management activities, decision-makers often have to rely on (their own) prior experience with these investments. Thus, we propose a novel, feedback-based approach to examine risk management decisions. We simulate...

This chapter deals with nonparametric estimation of the risk neutral density. We present three different approaches which do not require parametric functional assumptions on the underlying asset price dynamics nor on the distributional form of the risk neutral density. The first estimator is a...