This paper measures the size and composition of non-tariff trade costs such as transport, wholesale, and network costs … these trade costs have influenced Canada's merchandise trade pattern and the course of economic integration. Our results … show that as tariffs have been substantially reduced and largely abolished, costs associated with transport and …

comprehensive study examined the effects of this policy on the use of services, health outcomes, and removal of costs. Methods … intrahospital infant mortality, although not significantly. While the policy has failed to remove all costs, it decreased household … costs to some extent. In addition, the effects of the user fee removal policy seemed higher in districts with non …