Simulated models suffer intrinsically from validation and comparison problems. The choice of a suitable indicator quantifying the distance between the model and the data is pivotal to model selection. However, how to validate and discriminate between alternative models is still an open problem...

Agent-Based Models (ABMs) provide powerful tools for economic analysis, capturing microto-macro interactions and emergent properties. However, integration with empirical data has been a persistent challenge. To address it, we propose a protocol for integration between empirical data and ABM,...

The current paper experiments with the conception and analytical model of principle components. The analysis utilizes data of Sudan to test the model fitness and data suitability. All the country's economic sectors are used in the analysis which also integrates high, medium and low income strata...

In this paper, we review the recent econometric methods related to unit root tests. The central idea is the interaction between structural breaks and unit roots. We consider the standard Dickey-Fuller test and its modifications that allow under the alternative hypothesis one or multiple...