The purpose of the study is to propose interpretations of the National Treatment (NT) provision included in Art. III GATT, unbound by case-law interpretations of this provision. To make such proposals, we need to understand the role of the provision in the agreement. To this end, we first...

The people of Great Britain said their word to leave the European Union. The Brexit consequences impact on international trade is negative and large. In the meantime, the ambition Great Britain post Brexit aims for new trade agreements while not explicit (clear) about the type and with whom...

This paper shows how the institutional rules imposed on its signatories by the GATT created a strategic incentive for countries to liberalize gradually. Free trade can never be achieved if punishment for deviation from a trade agreement is limited to a 'withdrawal of equivalent concessions.'...

Access to critical raw materials (CRMs) is increasingly being shaped by geopolitical dynamics, fuelling a global competition for supply security. This paper applies the gravity model of trade to examine how OECD countries leverage Aid for Trade (AfT), Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), and...

The goal of this investigation is to establish a connection between the attributes of listed companies and the effects of the Pakistan-Malaysia Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on Pakistan\'s stock markets. For that purpose, this research is to look at how the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) was...

Do countries gain more by liberalizing trade together than alone? To answer this question, we study the 2015 Phase II expansion of the Information Technology Agreement (ITA), which eliminated tariffs on products covering over 12% of world trade. Market access rose by 4-6%. Nearly half of this...

The objective of the research is the evaluation of the competitiveness of Serbia's exports in the agro-food trade with China, with the aim of deciding on the appropriate export strategy within the 2024 Serbia-China Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Export competitiveness diagnostics comprises...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are widely acclaimed for their potential to mitigate market imperfections and expand export opportunities. However, in changing economic circumstances, these beneficial effects may only endure for a while and often gradually fade, affecting industries...

This study explores the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in mitigating the negative effects of uncertainty on trade, focusing on their depth and differential impacts on global value chain (GVC) and traditional trade. By employing an augmented gravity model with data from 70 countries...

This paper studies the effect of regional trade agreements on firms’ exports. Using detailed information on the content of trade agreements and firm-level exports for 31 developing countries between 2000 and 2020, the analysis shows that the depth of trade agreements matters for the export...