Consider models of international trade in which capital goods are produced, not given as an unproduced endowment, and in which equilibrium interest rates are positive. A positive interest rate, in such a model, acts as a price distortion. Consequently, the gains of trade for a single country,...

Samuelson extends the Ricardian theory of foreign trade to a model of small open economies in which countries can trade semi-finished capital goods on international markets, as well as produced consumer goods. He argues that this extension provides an additional gain from trade, which he labels...

This article considers a model of international trade in which the number of produced commodities does not exceed the number of countries engaged in trade. Technology is modeled such that each commodity can be produced in each country from a finite series of dated labor inputs. The existence of...