agreement, ratified recently, could be applied during the time of the pandemic. This paper provides an overview of a number of …

Starting in the 1960s with the Kennedy Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), nontariff measures … (NTMs) have been replacing tariffs continuously as the core element of trade negotiations. Today they take centre stage in …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

the medium term for some countries. Reducing tariffs, non-tariff measures and the combined market access and productivity …

eliminated and tariffs, now the principal trade instrument, have been rationalized and reduced. Considerable increases in …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

On 1 January 2024, Switzerland will implement a major trade policy reform by autonomously eliminating all tariffs on … elimination of industrial tariffs will reduce the net fiscal burden on imports by around CHF 600 million per year. In addition …