Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan - 2011
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan from their emergence as independent states at the time of the …. Countries that emphasised fuel exports (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) saw rising GDP alongside a narrowing of their economic … bases, losing much that was inherited from the past. In the case of Kazakhstan, natural-resource endowment also lent …