human capital and productivity improvements. While educational attainment is very high, the education system needs to be … persist. Private spending on innovation is very low and Russia underperforms in terms of scientific outputs and patents …. Support for low-tech innovation and technology adoption, especially among SMEs is narrow because of a bias towards large and …

factor. Offshoring jobs abroad may change the composition of domestic firms and employment and thus reduce union density … workers and firms in Denmark (1999-2017), which allows us to measure the exogenous threat of offshoring at the firm-level and … the unionization decisions of individual workers. The findings show that the threat of offshoring reduces unionization …