This paper takes a constitutional approach to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Traditionally, national courts in many states have had the function of controlling the legislature. The ECtHR was established to provide an extra control of the respect for human rights. The chapter argues...

The issue of differentiating between FDI and FPI is related to the functional aspects of the investments. The internationally adopted definition which relies on a numerical benchmark of 10% is thus of limited practical utility for policy makers. However, because of its widespread adoption and...

This paper addresses the question of how firms react to tax incentives in a formula apportionment (FA) tax regime. Under FA, profits of all consolidated entities of a business group are summed and then allocated according to a formula based on FA factors. We hypothesize that firms may change the...