We analyze how an aspect of institutional change — regional integration in the form of regional trade agreements (RTAs) — affects the degree of global orientation (DGO) of emerging market (EM) multinational enterprises (MNEs). We decompose regional integration into three key dimensions...

Liability of foreignness (LOF) is a well known concept in international business domain. At the core of LOF is the insight that firms face social and economic costs when they operate in foreign markets. Extant literature acknowledges that the ability of firms to overcome LOF in host locations...

Studies of the internationalization-performance (I-P) relationship for emerging market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) have yielded mixed results, suggesting that a contingency view of I-P for EM MNEs may be useful and timely. In particular, we suggest it is useful to analyze how the EMs'...