The purpose of this evaluation specifically relates to the SIGMA Programme implemented in eleven beneficiary countries of the European Neighbourhood Region (ENP) from its inception in the ENP Region in 2008 until mid-2013. This evaluation assesses the SIGMA Programme in the ENP Region in terms...

The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) was created as a successor to the cooperation programmes TACIS (for the Eastern European countries) and MEDA (for the Mediterranean countries), with enlarged objectives and an increased budget. It was operational from January 2007, and...

The report covers the period 1st April 2016 – 31st March 2017. It focuses on accounting for the activities during this first year of Programme implementation. Overall, it can be summarised that good progress has been made towards the establishment of the Better Migration Management (BMM)...

Over the past two years, ongoing political transitions in many Arab countries have led to social unrest and an economic downturn. This paper examines comparable historical episodes of political instability to derive implications for the near- and medium-term economic outlook in the Arab...

Although Turkey has historically concentrated its trade with the European Union (EU) it has diversified its trade markets with the neighbouring regions and different group of countries during the last decade. Among them, Arab countries have come into prominence. Especially, following the...

The following section are included:IntroductionWhat Do Democratic Transitions Look Like?How Do Transitions Happen?What Makes Transitions Successful?ConclusionAppendixAcknowledgmentsReferences

The following section are included:IntroductionThe Single-Party Regime and Étatism (1923–1945)Transition to Multi-Party Regime (1946–1950)Infancy Phase of the Multi-Party Regime — Failure on Both Fronts (1950–1960)Multi-Party Regime on a Fragile PathTowards an Open Market EconomyThe...

The following section are included:IntroductionThe FrameworkSocial Order and Economic Conditions in Iran in Early 20th CenturyTransformation of Social Order under Reza ShahEconomic and Political Change under Mohammad-Reza ShahFormation of the Islamic Republic under Ayatollah...