address the following questions. How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to bank risk and other banking variables? What are … the sources of bank heterogeneity, and what explains differences in individual banks’ responses to macroeconomic shocks …? Our paper has two main findings: (i) Average bank risk declines, and average bank lending increases following expansionary …

The European Union (EU) has been facilitating the growth of cross-border banking groups, but bank supervision remains …

Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Why do such crises recur? What is it about the accumulation of bank debt that ….S. banking history, from pre-U.S. Civil War private bank notes issued during the U.S. Free Banking Era (1837-1863), followed by … the U.S. National Banking Era (1863-1914) before there was a central bank, through loan sales, securitization, and the …