This paper explores the existence and importance of financing constraints for R&D investments in large EU and US manufacturing companies over the 2000-2007 period. The main results obtained by estimating error-correction equations suggest that the sensitivity of R&D investments to cash flow...

Using distance and time zone differences as a measure for coordination costs between service suppliers and consumers, we employ a Hausman-Taylor model for services trade by foreign affiliates. Given the need for proximity in the provision of services, factors like distance place a higher cost...

Linguistic distance, i.e. the dissimilarity between languages, is an important factor influencing international economic transactions such as migration or international trade flows by imposing hurdles for second language acquisition and increasing transaction costs. To measure these costs, we...