increasing team size that we call the "racing against time" hypothesis: With innovation races more competitive globally, R … more R&D personnel. We test this hypothesis against a natural experiment that took place in 1995 when the U.S. patent law …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from … innovation. The features of these systems take shape as interests at different points in the production chain seek advantage in …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …