When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms there is a potentially costly trade-off their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge creation. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector which may reduce knowledge...

"The hegemonic transition between British world power and American was the most drawn-out in the history of the world-system, starting in 1861. After 1919, America competed successfully with Britain in three main technological arenas: international transportation, international communication,...