Pharmaceutical costs are escalating at a rate that outpaces inflation, forcing government providers to balance consumer needs against budgetary realities. Several strategies for better managing drug expenditures are attracting significant attention, including bulk purchase agreements. These...

As with other commodities, electricity is often traded on both forward and spot markets. This was initially true in the restructured California electricity industry from 1998 to 2000. Though the power traded in the forward and spot markets was for delivery at the same times and locations, prices...