reducing greenhouse gas emissions so as to reduce anticipated adverse effects. But it is increasingly clear that adaptation … mandate adaptation may well have benefits far in excess of costs – and may, in fact, deliver higher net benefits than some … over time, adaptation is essential. It must be carefully assessed with attention to (a) its aggregate effects on social …

This paper investigates the interrelation between adaptation and climate protection efforts of individuals in a cross …, private adaptation and climate protection activities are determined by different factors and thus cannot be substitutes …. Considering seven climate protection and four adaptation measures, these theoretical predictions are tested empirically using …

mitigation and adaptation to discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level. As exemplified by export …

Urban areas have particular sensitivities to climate change, and therefore adaptation to a warming planet represents a … paper identifies the various levels of administrative adaptation planning, the tools and information used in making policy … choices, and the roles of governance and finance in urban adaptation to climate change. Lessons learned from these seven cases …