This paper uses a gravity framework to investigate the effects of distance as well as subnational and national borders … border effects stem from the metropolitan level rather than state. Second, border and distance effects decrease with the age … distance effects are interestingly increasing. Finally, we find that (assignee) self-citations and aggregation bias are two …

dimensions of distance shaping R and D collaborations in Europe and the US during the time period 1999 to 2009. We take a … investigate how the collaboration intensity between regions has been influenced by spatial, technological, and cultural distance …

within US states. After controlling for distance and country size, we estimate that relative to state-to-state trade …

German neighboring countries, we find that distance significantly matters for the workplace location in Germany. The striking … exception is Poland. For non-neighboring countries, distance only matters for countries which are geographically close to … Germany. Distance has also a negative effect on the net-migrations flows of foreign workers from geographically close …