We provide new evidence on the extent to which the demand for cigarettes is derived from the demand for weight control … (i.e. weight loss or avoidance of weight gain). We utilize nationally representative data that provide the most direct … evidence to date on this question: individuals are directly asked whether they smoke to control their weight. We find that …

estimated that account for the endogeneity of body weight. We find that, in both countries, heavier women tend to earn less. For … models; these models suggest that weight may lower labor earnings for U.S. women. However, our IV results yield no evidence … of a causal impact of weight on earnings for women in Germany or for men in either country. …

current net nutrition. Across the weight distribution and throughout the 19th century, white and black average weights … decreased by 8.5 and 6.3 percent, respectively. Farmers and unskilled workers had positive weight returns associated with rural …

, as the ratio of weight to height, BMI does not fully isolate the effects of current net nutrition. After controlling for … height as a measure for current net nutrition, this study uses the weight of a sample of international men in US prisons …

geographic correlates of height such as local poverty rate, median income, and population density. We find that after adjusting … for variables known to influence height such as income and education, population density is negatively correlated with … negative correlation with population density after adjustment for income, education, and age for both sexes. Local economic …