multitude of export countries as well as data on the indigenous contribution to the domestic energy supply into a single … parameter. Applying the proposed concept to empirical energy data on Germany and the U.S. (1980-2004), we find that there is an … inter-temporally increasing gap in the energy supply risk between both countries, with Germany suffering much more from a …

-correction models for the U.S., Japan, Germany, France, and Italy indicates that changes in the real exchange rate are not fully passed … through into import prices, not even in the long run. By modeling the dynamic behavior of import suppliers as an inter … the long run as well as in the short run. Thus, a proper distinction might be crucial when predicting import price …