Using a hand-collected data, we provide evidence of extensive use of commodity derivative in hedging among U.S oil and gas producers. We find large variations in hedging intensity and hedging profits while on average they generate significant positive profits. The profits relate positively to...

For the past fifty years in the United States, venture capital (VC) has provided initial funding to innovative entrepreneurial enterprises, while the European venture capital industry has only really emerged over the past decade. Using quarterly data from 1993 to 2003, this paper examines and...

This study examines the effect of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) on their underlying AmericanDepository Receipts (ADRs). We find that percentage of ADR shares owned by ETFs increasesdramatically in the past two decades. Contrary to U.S. firms, ETF ownership is positivelyassociated with stock...