parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … education and wages for the children born under these policies. The mobility effect, chiefly an increase in intergenerational … mobility in education, stems from heterogeneity in the effects of the policies: children of mothers with fewer years of …

to care for their new children. While there is substantial variation in the details of these policies around the world … introduction of short paid and unpaid leave programs can improve children's short- and long-term outcomes. Fourth, while more …