There is a growing body of literature that focuses on the relationship between a defendant's background characteristics and the voting behavior of African American and Latino judges in the courtroom. Many of these studies, however, tend to analyze this relationship by focusing on criminal cases...

The field of transitional justice has to date been centrally concerned with issues of individual criminal responsibility, with the establishment and assessment of new international institutions designed to promote retributive justice, and with the relative merits of criminal trials and...