quality of these data. This paper investigates whether the secondary childcare questions in the ATUS are measuring the stated … construct alternative estimates that exclude time spent in secondary childcare that is inconsistent with other data collected … during the interview and find that the ATUS measure overestimates secondary childcare by at most 5 percent or about 16 …

. Non-parental care for high-SES children is more likely to be in childcare centers, where average quality is higher, and … less likely to be provided by relatives where average quality is lower. Even within types of childcare, higher-SES children …