A detailed analysis of firms subject to SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs) in the 1990s and 2000s suggests that approximately one-quarter are the result of an act that is consistent with legal standards of intent. In the remaining three quarters, the initial misstatement...

This paper studies Chinese firms’ earnings management strategy in response to the trade dispute investigations initiated by the U.S. from 2001 to 2018. This topic is important given the increasingly severe international trade environment and the significant influence of macro economy on...