Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Why do such crises recur? What is it about the accumulation of bank debt that ….S. banking history, from pre-U.S. Civil War private bank notes issued during the U.S. Free Banking Era (1837-1863), followed by … the U.S. National Banking Era (1863-1914) before there was a central bank, through loan sales, securitization, and the …

detail, Darrell Duffie walks readers step-by-step through the mechanics of large-bank failures. He identifies where the … cracks first appear when a dealer bank is weakened by severe trading losses, and demonstrates how the bank's relationships … exposure to the dealer bank, the bank is forced to signal its strength by using up its slim stock of remaining liquid capital …