higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare …, compounded with isolation from extended family as well as a lack of social and market infrastructure, constrained female … opportunities outside the home. Frontier women were less likely to report "gainful employment," but among those who did, relatively …

arrangement, and marital status. We find that the U.S. anti-poverty policy distorts the cohabitation/marriage decision of single …