cartel characteristics. International conspiracies, global cartels, and bid-rigging schemes are granted lower percentage than …

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the current cartel fine levels of the European Union and the United … United States cartels are assembled and examined (these cartels overcharged an average of 18% to 37%, depending upon the data … cartels also are analyzed (which show overcharges in the 28% to 54% range). The article similarly examines cartels that had …