We investigate how variety affects the innovation output of a region. Borrowing arguments from theories of recombinant … innovation, we expect that related variety will enhance innovation as related technologies are more easily recombined into a new … technology. However, we also expect that unrelated variety enhances technological breakthroughs, since radical innovation often …

established firms, which account for more than three-quarters of business R&D, is affected by scientific knowledge produced by … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …We study the relationships between corporate R&D and three components of public science: knowledge, human capital, and …