We estimate CO2 implicitly contained in traded commodities based on the GTAP 7 data: While net carbon imports into the industrialized countries amount to 15% of their total emissions, net carbon exports of the developing countries amount to 12% of their total emissions, and net carbon exports of...

We construct carbon footprints from households' expenditure and employ the EASI demand system to simulate the distributional and environmental effects of a introducing a 'green VAT' in Ireland. For our analysis, we combine expenditure data from the Irish Household Budget Survey with data on...

Export VAT refund rebate and export tax (EVRRET) measures have been adopted on energy intensive products in recent years in China. They are proclaimed to be climate policy, yet there is no explicit and unique carbon cost set on export - the implicit export carbon tax rates vary dramatically...

In West Africa, the Value Added Tax (VAT) policy consists of a uniform tax rate, but several items consumed by rich and poor households, are exempted. We provide an optimal tax framework to reflect on the welfare effects of such a tariff structure, in the context of current debates on domestic...

This Handbook entry presents a conceptual, normative overview of the subject of taxation. It emphasizes the relationships among the main functions of taxation—notably, raising revenue, redistributing income, and correcting externalities—and the mapping between these functions and various...

European countries introduced a combination of demand-side fiscal policies and mandatory supply-side emissions standards to reduce CO2 emissions rates of new cars. I quantify the equilibrium response to one of the most drastic demand-side policies, the Finnish CO2 differentiation of automobile...

In this paper we evaluate the incidence of a large cut in the value-added tax (VAT) for French sit-down restaurants. In contrast to previous studies that focus on prices only, we estimate its effect on four groups: workers, firm owners, consumers and suppliers of material goods. Using a...