Levin, Simon A.; Pacala, Stephen W. - In: Handbook of environmental economics : volume 1, …, (pp. 61-95). 2003
From ecosystems we derive food and fiber, fuel and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems mediate local and regional climates … regards their role in maintaining the functioning of ecosystems or their resiliency in the face of stress. This chapter … explains how ecosystems evolve and function as complex adaptive systems. It examines ecological systems at scales from the …