The relationship between per capita income and a number of pollution indicators has been found to display an inverted U-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given income levels (direct effect) and by reducing...

Environmental pollution is a serious problem in Middle and Eastern Europe. Although most Middle and Eastern European countries since long have established extensive legislation on environmental issues, they rarely have enforced these laws. Virtually, they did not persue any effective...