In this study, we examine the interplay between public environmental enforcement and private lender monitoring and its effects on borrowers’ environmental activities. To capture lender environmental monitoring, we use environmental covenants in loan agreements that require borrowers to take...

We propose a novel way of measuring the equity portfolio-level environmental and social characteristics of a 13F institution (the “sustainability footprint”) and examine the relation between sustainability footprints and risk-adjusted investment performance. The analysis shows that 13F...

Environmental regulation greatly increases the external transformation demands on heavily polluting enterprises. To respond to these demands, the remolding of and innovation in business models can be realized through green mergers and acquisitions (M&As), which have become a strategic choice for...

The puzzle of identifying the determinant of sustainable development in Nigeria has become a question for research, hence, there is a need to determine these unclear a priori expectations and their impacts on the sustainable development process in Nigeria. This study used a comprehensive set of...