Corporate social responsibility has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps towards a more sustainable future. Yet global environmental indicators continue to worsen, and individual corporate efforts may be hitting the point of diminishing returns. Voluntary action by the...

In this paper, we advance the stakeholder theory literature by developing and testing a set of hypotheses concerning which firms are likely to be targeted by secondary stakeholder groups. To test these hypotheses, we draw upon a unique dataset of stakeholder actions within the United States...

In this paper, we explore the conditions under which secondary stakeholder groups are likely to elicit positive firm responses. To this end, we build upon and advance Mitchell, Agle, and Wood's (1997) stakeholder saliency and identification framework by defining saliency in terms of actions, not...